Mg, K, Ca, Sr) showĭistinctly different interactions with organic molecules and influences on Role of organic molecules in the incorporation of other trace elements is Wang et al., 2009 Shirai et al., 2012), but direct evidence for a similar Role for the incorporation of Mg into the shell (Stephenson et al., 2008 Growth axes, shell curvature along the same axis, and physiological effects Such as strontium, are influenced by local growth rates between different Incorporation mechanisms of trace elements into mollusc shells are not yetįully understood, we do know that the incorporation of some trace elements, Monitor and reconstruct (palaeo)environmental parameters, e.g. Trace elements incorporated in the carbonate phase of shells are used to Its high mechanical strength and fracture resistance (Currey and Kohn,ġ976 Jackson et al., 1988 Kamat et al., 2000). This arrangement significantlyĮnhances the physical and mechanical properties of the shell and explains Growth of the mineral entity across all length scales (Weiner and Traub,ġ980 Rodriguez-Navarro et al., 2012 Simkiss, 1965 Addadi et al., 2006 Ĭusack et al., 2008 Weiner et al., 1984). Intimately conjoined by organic macromolecules that control nucleation and The shells of bivalves are bio-composites with a complex, hierarchical 3-DĪrrangement of crystalline calcium carbonate (aragonite and/or calcite), Please read the corrigendum first before continuing. Values for equilibrium partitioning of Sr in synthetic aragonite. Proportions formed in the wild (0.12 to 0.15). Distribution coefficients, D Sr ∕ Ca, for labelled and unlabelled shells are similar to shell Homogeneously instead of forming one individual architectural unit after the All architectural units in the shellĪre transected by the Sr label, demonstrating shell growth to progress Labelling intervals in the shell are 17× (oOSL) and 12× (iOSL) enriched in Sr concentration of 18× mean ocean water by dissolving 144 µg g −1 Sr (159.88 Sr∕Ca mmol ∕ mol) in seawater. Shows a girdle-like maximum of elastically stiffer orientations for theįor 6 d, the bivalves were subjected twice to seawater with an increased >46 % twin grain boundaries are detected. Electronīackscatter diffraction reveals a strong preferred orientation of theĪragonite c axes perpendicular to the growth layers, while the a and b axesĪre scattered within a plane normal to the local growth direction and Sheath and the smallest mineralized units are nano-granules. All structural orders in both layers are enveloped by an organic With crossed-acicular architecture consisting of intersecting lamellaeīundles. Hierarchical orders of prisms and (ii) an innermost outer shell layer (iOSL) (oOSL) with compound composite prismatic architecture with three The ventral marginĪrea of the outer shell layer composed of (i) an outermost outer shell layer To visualize shell growth at the micro- to nanoscale. Is used here for pulsed Sr-labelling experiments in aquaculture experiments The intertidal bivalve Katelysia rhytiphora, endemic to south Australia and Tasmania,
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